Children With Weak Immune Systems - 1705 Words

Shemar Johnson April, 22, 2017 AP 1 Prof Arlene Allam Assi HIV A person’s overall health should not be threatened due to temptation of risky sexual behavior. People with weak immune systems are in danger of contracting HIV because the progress of the virus can not be stopped. There are some people in the world that can not contract HIV because of their complex immune system. Over the years their genes have grown resistant to certain infections but their are people with very weak immune systems which makes HIV very dangerous for them HIV attaches itself to cells in the body and then quickly multiplies outnumbering the T-cells which are the cells that help fight off infections. Once there is a low amount of T-†¦show more content†¦Some people believe that a cure for HIV can be made and there is not a enough money for research. â€Å"insufficient funding for HIV programs as well as prevention methods†. Improving funding allocation within HIV/AIDS programs developing countries givewell.org I think this quote is not true becaus e I know for a fact there is an extensive amount of funding for HIV/AIDS I disagree with this quote because I believe there is enough funding going towards research for hiv/aids when George Bush was in office he contributed the most money in history to ever find a cure for a virus there is huge amounts of money and research going towards programs and methods to stop hiv/aids so this quote is not valid to me HIV/AIDS funding has made over 24 billion dollars that is a substantial amount of money to perform research on a virus. Drug use plays a major role in the HIV infection statistics the reason for this is because when on very strong drugs you are not very aware of the actions you are performing and can be easily manipulated by others into performing sexual actions. Crystal meth is a highly addictive drug that affects the brain. Drugs never have a positive outcome when it comes to your health. â€Å"There is a statistically significant correlation between crystal meth use and unsafe sex and HIV infection†. Taking Drugs andShow MoreRelatedVaccines And Its Effects On Children1339 Words   |  6 Pagesprotect us. Its main function is to build our immune system and allow it to work against different kinds of bacteria. However instead of helping us fight against infection and certain diseases, vaccines can be the main cause of infection and diseases. Because of its live-attenuated organism, which means the pathogens were partially killed to lessen the harmful effects, it can still trigger an infection particularly with those who has a very weak immune system. Thus, vaccines should not be given to youngRead MoreVaccination For The School Children961 Words   |  4 PagesThe start of the vaccine was the year 1855 when the smallpox vaccines were mandatory for the school children. The state of Massachusetts passed the first U.S. law, mandating vaccination for the school children. This practice continues still today. Now in this modern age that the newborn baby receives 49 vaccines by the age of 6. Indeed, vaccines have saved a number of lives until today. This is one of the best action taken place for humanity. Moreover, the majority population doesn’t recognizeRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Pneumonia1012 Words   |  5 Pagesknown to cause severe illness in humans. People with weak or immature immune systems are the most affected by these. Old people, patients with chronic disease and very young children are particularly vulnerable to these illnesses. Pneumonia is a germ-caused disease and varies in severity with the most severe form affecting the weak or immature immune people mentioned above (Frieden, 2015). 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Parents believe they should have the right to make the decision on whether or not to vaccinate their children. While health care officials disagree, claiming that by not vaccinating, all children will be susceptible to the vaccine-preventable diseases. Megan Heimer discusses the risk of vaccinating a child andRead MoreEssay on The History of Vaccine1385 Words   |  6 PagesThe Matter of Vaccine When children are born and for the first two years of their lives, they receive multiple shots and drops of vaccines. These vaccines protect them from getting diseases that were deadly and common in children many decades ago. Vaccine is one of the greatest achievement in medicine history. There were thousands of lives lost in the battle with some of the terrifying diseases like smallpox and polio. Now, after years of vaccine invention, vaccination spread in many countries whichRead MoreSymptoms And Consequences Of The Hospital969 Words   |  4 Pagesnegative depending on the situation. However, it may have both effects because difficulties usually provide both. Something that has been in difficult in my life has been my weak immune system. Since, the day of my birth, I have been getting sick since I was a child. Doctor’s thought I would grow out if it but my immune system never ever got to the appropriate levels. Becoming sick all the time comes with a lot of negative effect s. Mainly, always being at the hospital all the time is one of themRead MoreEffects Of Breastfeeding On The Development Of The Immune System1144 Words   |  5 PagesBreast is Best: The Effects of Breastfeeding on the Development of the Immune System in Infants Have you ever considered whether you want your future children breastfed or formula fed? After having a child, one of the most important decisions new parents face is how they want their children to be fed. Physicians recommend that infants are exclusively breastfed for at least the first six months of their lives. It is recommended that breastfeeding continues, along with the introduction of solid foodsRead MoreVaccinations Are Necessary For Our Youth1305 Words   |  6 Pagesnot vaccinations are necessary for our youth. There have been many incidences where certain individuals’ immune systems put them at risk of becoming more ill and this keeps them from receiving their scheduled immunizations. The benefits that these shots provide outweigh the risks for most of the country’s youth. In order to maintain the safety of the public and protect the health of children, the scheduled vaccinations should be maintained by all families throughout our country. This is the only Read MoreVaccines And Its Effects On Society1425 Words   |  6 Pageshard work and dedication to medicine study to find cures for each and every illness or diseases that exist today. Studies have proven that medicine alone cannot keep us all healthy; other mediums must take place in order for us to maintain a good immune system to fight off any pathogens trying to break us down. We have seen medicine teams evolving, for the purpose of others well being. Vaccines were created to help populations stay alive. Vaccines have been a part of our life for a while now; A vaccine

Investigative New Drug Testing Testing And Development...

Testing and development of new drugs can be a long, strenuous and costly project for a manufacturing company. In 2003 drug companies spent $2.4 million on bringing new drugs to the market. By 2005 that figured ballooned to $802 million. If you think that is crazy, now experimental drugs cost pharmaceutical companies $312 million just for the post approval process of the drug and a whopping $2.9 billion to place the new drug on the market. The whole process can take 8-12 years until completion. First a drug must be approved to be transferred across state lines. If a sponsor (usually a manufacturer or potential marketer) want to ship the product to a clinical trial facility(s) an IND (Investigative New Drug Application) must be filed.†¦show more content†¦They also must provide information regarding clinical protocols and investigator information. This information is used to ensure that the physicians overseeing the administration of the drugs are qualified to fulfill their clinical obligations. Once the IND is submitted the sponsor must wait 30 calendar days before initiating any clinical trials. During the preclinical phases the drug was subjected to in vivo testing. In vivo testing is when a drug is tested in animals and is monitored for chromosomal damage and how toxicity levels are effected. During to clinical phases the drug goes through 3 phases of testing. Phase 1 is when a small group 20-100 of healthy volunteers are administered the drug dosage in small doses and gradually increased. This phase’s purpose to establish dosage and compound safety. Phase 2 is quite the same as phase 1 but with a larger group 100-300 people that are drug candidates. This phase determines effective dosage, methods of delivery and dosing intervals. Phase 3 and final phase is same as its predecessor phase but with a much larger group of 1000-3000 individuals that are drug candidates. This phase provides patients with the drug in the exact form as it will be given will on the market and is compared to similar drugs on the market. Oftentimes double-blind studies are done in this phase with the drug and a placebo. After theShow MoreRelated Drug Policy Essay1017 Words   |  5 Pages The President’s Drug Policy Introduction nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The following is a summary of the President’s policy emphasizing on the President’s stated objectives. Stopping drug use before it starts, providing drug treatment, and attacking the economic basis of the drug trade are the main positions the President stressed. The President’s policy was analyzed by the important tasks played by law enforcement, schools and the community. The apprehension of major drug organizations willRead MoreUnited States Food And Drug Administration1580 Words   |  7 Pagesthe United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), more specifically, the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER). Although, having access to this system can be frustrating to those that are in the pharmaceutical development industry or those that have illnesses and need the best drugs available in order to cope with their symptoms. As a Type 1 Diabetic, it is easy to understand the consumer’s frustration when it comes to hearing about a new device or drug that will make living withRead MoreThe Drug Development And Approval Process1179 Words   |  5 PagesKrishna (2008) article, the drug development and approval process is an extensive and costly endeavor. The goal of experimental medicine is to increase the efficiency of drug development by providing a better understanding of the drug’s mechanism(s) of action, dose response, efficacy, and safety, allowing the process to be accelerated for the most promising and efficacious candidates (Krishna, Herman, Wagner, 2008). Preclinical testing begins with identifying the ideal drug target. The target shouldRead MoreThe Drug Development And Approval Process1184 Words   |  5 PagesKrishna (2008) article, the drug development and approval process is an extensive and costly endeavor. The goal of experimental medicine is to increase the efficiency of drug development by providing a better understanding of the drug’s mechanism(s) of action, dose response, efficacy, and safety, allowing the process to be accelerated for the most promising and efficacious candidates (Krishna, Herman, Wagner, 2008). Preclinical testing begins with identifying the ideal drug target. The target shouldRead MoreThe Drug Development And Approval Process1169 Words   |  5 PagesKrishna (2008) article, the drug development and approval process is an extensive and costly endeavor. The goal of experimental medicine is to increase the efficiency of drug development by providing a better understanding of the drug’s mechanism(s) of action, dose response, efficacy, and safety, allowing the process to be accelerated for the most promising and efficacious candidates (Krishna, Herman, Wagner, 2008). Preclinical testing begins with identifying the ideal drug target. The target shouldRead MoreThe Drug Development And Approval Process1210 Words   |  5 PagesKrishna (2008) article, the drug development and approval process is an extensive and costly endeavor. The goal of experimental medicine is to increase the efficiency of drug development by providing a better understanding of the drug’s mechanism(s) of action, dose response, efficacy, and safety, allowing the process to be accelerated for the most promising and efficacious candidates (Krishna, Herman, Wagner, 2008). Preclinical testing begins with identifying the ideal drug target. The target shouldRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned Essay1707 Words   |  7 Pagesan animal on the line. While businesses have searched for other methods of testing, there is no more accurate way of testing toxicology than through a live host. Despite it not being the most ideal choice to everyone, there is no better or more safe option, and animal testing is an absolutely necessary step in testing pharmaceuticals until we can find an equal replacement. Pharmaceutical businesses should continue testing their products on animals to ensure human safety, because the benefits of usingRead MoreDrug Testing Should Be Legal1447 Words   |  6 Pagestake drug tests. Current public debate questions whether these tests are necessary. Support, refute, or qualify the need for implementing required drug tests for those receiving or applying for welfare. â€Å"Hi, I’m a recovering crackhead†¦ I’d like some welfare please.† From It s Always Sunny in Philadelphia Most people believe that drug testing welfare applicants and recipients is necessary and saves the government and taxpayers’ money. However, the majority do not know that drug testing cost theRead MoreEssay on Animal Rights1148 Words   |  5 Pagesbenefits include the collection of new knowledge or the development of new medical therapies for humans. Looking into these different aspects of the experimentation, there is a large gap for argument between the different scientists views. In the next few paragraphs, both sides of the argument will be expressed by the supporters. A well known scientist named Neal D. Barnard said,quot; The use of animals for research and testing is only one of many investigative techniques available. We believeRead MoreThe Use Of Testing On Human Testing1439 Words   |  6 Pages The practice of testing on humans has help develop a modern system of human testing known as clinical trials (Jenkins Hubbard,1991). Previous work from the past has made huge improvements in medical future. The current work of clinical has given patients better medical treatments. While human experimentation has given much to modern research, it has sometimes failed to follow bioethics. The significance of human testing and history has lead to modern practice of Human drug trials. What are Clinical

Environmental Impact Of Electric Cars Essay Example For Students

Environmental Impact Of Electric Cars Essay Privately Owned Gasoline PoweredVehicles Should Be LimitedThe automobile has become a very important part of todays society. It is a necessity to own or to have access to a car in order to keep up with all of the competition of the business world, and also ones social demands. Most people would not be able to travel around a country or the world without this incredible machine, for it provides freedom and mobility, even for people who do not own a car. Unfortunately, the car has a very destructive nature. Automobiles make a major contribution to air and noise pollution, the depletion of fossil fuels, and the abnormalities in children and adults due to lead poisoning. Although our economy currently defends on gasoline- powered cars, it is my belief that the use of gas-powered automobiles must be limited because of air pollution, natural resources and lead poisoning. First of all, and most importantly, automobiles are harmful to our environment. By definition, automobiles run on gasoline, which is a mixture derived from petroleum. Gasoline contains hundreds of different hydrocarbons, or compounds containing the chemical elements carbon and hydrogen (Gasoline). When the gas is burned in the engine of the car, several byproducts result. These exhausts include hydrocarbons and oxides of three elements: Carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur (Emissions). Tiny amounts of poisonous trace elements such as lead, cadmium, and nickel also are present. Everything contained in the exhaust affects the environment intensely. Auto engine exhaust contributes about fifty percent of todays atmospheric pollution, and in highly populated and industrialized cities, air pollution consists of up to 80% car exhaust. Because of all of the gasoline-powered cars on the road, the earths outermost protective shell, the ozone layer, is being destroyed. The ozone layer guards against, a mong other things, global warming and skin cancer. If it is annihilated, the whole planet, including the human race, will be erased along with it. This is one reason gasoline powered automobiles should be limited. Another reason privately owned gasoline powered vehicles should be limited is the depletion of the fossil fuel supply. People all over the world need petroleum, a fossil fuel, to fill their cars in order to get around. However, petroleum, like many other natural resources on this earth, is in short supply. The continued use of petroleum at the current rate will cause the limited supply to dwindle. Our society does not seem to realize this point, though. As a result; petroleum is wasted in many ways while en route to an automobiles gas tank. In order to stop these things from occurring, we, the entire population as a whole, must consolidate our opinions and come up with alternatives to these harmful activities. One such alternative is the electrically powered automobile, wh ich runs on a battery much the same as the one underneath the hood of the car now. A third reason privately owned gasoline powered vehicles should be limited is because they are contributing to an enormous source of lead in the air, which is dangerous to the body. When gasoline is burned in the engine of an automobile, it can release many things, dependent upon what type of gasoline it is. There are two main types of gasoline: leaded and unleaded. The leaded contains lead, while the unleaded does not contain as much. Fortunately, most cars today require gasoline of the unleaded type. However, some old cars still in use need leaded fuel. This poses a threat to every person in the world, for every one of us could die of lead poisoning. Lead was first added to gasoline in the 1920s to improve car mileage and prevent engine knock, or an explosion that occurs when the gas is compressed in the engine. Lead levels in human blood rose with the proliferation of cars and trucks on the highway . It has since been proved that auto emissions are the single largest source of lead in our environment, and that high levels of lead in young children can cause brain damage, mental retardation, kidney disorders, and interfere with the processing of Vitamin D. Because of the preponderance of unleaded fuel on the market, the amount of lead in the air has decreased. But does this mean that the chance of lead poisoning from car exhaust has decreased dramatically? Not at all. Over twenty percent of lead poisoning cases in children reported in 1990 have been caused by car exhaust, had effected dropping only five percent from 1985. This produces evidence that many, if not all, of the ways to reduce lead in the air that is harmful to humans have failed (Applebee 2).

Nursing Theory Essay Example

Nursing Theory Paper Merriam Webster defines the word theory as a belief, policy, or procedure proposed or followed as the basis of action. There are various categories of theories accepted and practiced throughout the world and throughout professional practices today. One example of a type of theory is a nursing theory. However, some might not be fully aware of what a nursing theory entails, examples of such, and the relevance of nursing theories. This paper will explain these matters. What is a nursing theory? A nursing theory is an expression that has arose from a philosophical perspective that explains some phenomena. Overall, it is used to describe the accumulation of knowledge that is used to support nursing practice. It incorporates experiments and research to define nursing and nursing practice; furthermore, it gives reason to the accepted principles that form the basis for practice, and goals and functions of nursing (Wesley, 1995). In essence, a nursing theory enables understanding of what, how, and why nurses continue to practice. What is the origin of a nursing theory? The first theorist to clearly articulate a role of nurses was Florence Nightingale. Before she developed her nursing theory, the primary role of the nurse was to merely care of the patient as prescribed by the doctors orders. Nightingale was able to expand the nursing profession making it distinct from the medical profession. Her first theories were developed and published in a book titled Notes on Nursing: What It Is, and What It Is Not in 1859. We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing Theory specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing Theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing Theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Through Florence Nightingales original work, nurses realized that simply treating patients based upon their disease was not a satisfactory way of attending patient care, and, rather, they should be making a holistic assessment (Encyclopedia Britannica Online, 2009). At this point the phrase nursing theory has been described and a history of it has been presented; however, there are several different nursing theories that are used today. This paper will discuss a few common theories and their practices. One example of a nursing theory would be one Florence Nightingale created titled Environmental Theory. This was used to define nursing as the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery. It focuses on changing and manipulating the environment in order to put the patient in the best possible conditions for nature to act. Nursing theory has evolved on a number of levels in the past fifty years. While it is true that Florence Nightingale is commonly recognized and accepted as the founder of modern nursing, she was simply able to provide the first step towards developing nursing into the holistic profession it is today. There are numerous theories and models of nursing that have developed after her time. One such example of these theories is one that was manufactured by Dorothea Orem and named the Self-Care Theory. She was able to use this theory to define nursing as, the act of assisting others in the provision and management of self-care to maintain/improve human functioning at home level of effectiveness. This theory focuses on activities that adult individuals perform on their own behalf to maintain life, health and well-being. Lastly, Hildegard Peplau used her Interpersonal Relations Theory to say that nursing is a maturing force and an educative instrument. In fact, she defined nursing using her theory as, an interpersonal process of therapeutic interactions between an Individual who is sick or in need of health services and a nurse especially educated to recognize, respond to the need for help (Parker, 2006). A few examples of nursing theories have been discussed; however the question of why these theories are relevant in nursing practice today should be answered. Nursing theories provide a framework for nurses to systematize their nursing actions: what to ask, what to observe, what to focus on and what to think about. They provide a framework to develop new and validate current knowledge. They help to describe, explain, predict and prescribe. Nursing Theory is used to define commonalities of the variables in a stated field of inquiry, guide nursing research and actions, predict practice outcomes, and predict client response. Theory is used to describe, explain, predict and prescribe (Parker, 2006). The nursing theories that are available today all have good reasoning to their practices. Each one individualizes the needs of the patients and what should be done to provide care for each patient. However, in my recent research of nursing theorists I have been interested in the theory by Patricia Benner. Her book titled From Novice to Expert explains Benners view that caring is a necessary component in the theory of skill acquisition. She describes nursing as an enabling condition of connection and concern (Marriner-Tomey, 1989, p. 192) which implies a high level of emotional involvement in the nurse-patient relationship (Benner, 1984). Benner speaks of the power of caring and describes the caring role as involving the concepts of transformative power, integrative caring, advocacy, healing power, participative/affirmative power, and problem solving (Benner, 1984). She takes a stand in her belief that that nursing care is more than the application of mere skill; it is relational and involves the nurses response as a human being, first, and then secondarily, in the nursing role (Benner, 1984). Altogether, Benner was able to develop a nursing theory that involved the holistic care for the patient through an in-depth nurse-client relationship. Through this relationship the needs of the patient are able to be identified and prioritized to provide the best nursing care for that individual. This paper was able to describe what a nursing theory entails and its origin, examples of such, and the relevance of nursing theories. Overall, a nursing theory explains the knowledge that is used to support the nursing practice and there have been nurses throughout history with their own personal views of what nursing meant to them and how they were going to focus their practice. However, no matter what each theory entailed, every theory was able to conceptualize in useful ways and ideas that help make sense of what they do as nurses. Reference Benner, Patricia. (1984). From Novice to Expert: Excellence and Power in Clinical Nursing Practice. Menlo Park: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. , Nursing Division. Florence Nightingale: Notes on Nursing. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 2009. Encyclopedia Britannica. 26 May 2009 http://search. eb. com/women/article- 9404148. Marriner-Tomey, A. (1989). Nursing theorists and Their Work (2nd ed. ). St. Louis: C. V. Mosby. Parker, Marilyn E. , (2006). Nursing Theories and Nursing Practices. Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis Company. Theory. (2009). In Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved May 27, 2009, from http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/theory Wesley, R. L. (1995). Nursing theories and models. Springhouse, PA: Springhouse